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Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team

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"The Red Machine" redirects here. For other uses, see Red Machine.

Soviet Union
Shirt badge/Association crest
Nickname(s)Красная Машина
(The Red Machine)
Most gamesAlexander Maltsev (321)
Top scorerAlexander Maltsev (213)
Most pointsSergei Makarov (248)
IIHF codeURS
First international
 Soviet Union 23–2 East Germany East Germany
(East Berlin, East Germany; 22 April 1951)
Biggest win
 Soviet Union 28–2 Italy Italy
(Colorado Springs, United States; 26 December 1967)
Biggest defeat
 Canada 8–2 Soviet Union Soviet Union
(Ottawa, Canada; 9 January 1968)
 Czechoslovakia 9–3 Soviet Union Soviet Union
(Prague, Czechoslovakia; 21 March 1975)
Olympics
Appearances9 (first in 1956)
Medals Gold: 7 (1956, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1984, 1988)
Silver 1 (1980)
Bronze 1 (1960)
IIHF World Championships
Appearances32 (first in 1954)
Best result Gold: 22 (1954, 1956, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1990)
Canada Cup
Appearances5 (first in 1976)
Best result Winner: (1981)
International record (W–L–T)
738–110–65
Medal record
Representing  Soviet Union
Olympic Games
Gold medal – first place 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
Gold medal – first place 1964 Innsbruck
Gold medal – first place 1968 Grenoble
Gold medal – first place 1972 Sapporo
Gold medal – first place 1976 Innsbruck
Gold medal – first place 1984 Sarajevo
Gold medal – first place 1988 Calgary
Silver medal – second place 1980 Lake Placid
Bronze medal – third place 1960 Squaw Valley
Canada Cup
Gold medal – first place 1981 Canada
Silver medal – second place 1987 Canada
Bronze medal – third place 1976 Canada
Bronze medal – third place 1984 Canada
World Championship
Gold medal – first place 1954 Sweden
Gold medal – first place 1963 Sweden
Gold medal – first place 1965 Finland
Gold medal – first place 1966 Yugoslavia
Gold medal – first place 1967 Austria
Gold medal – first place 1968 France
Gold medal – first place 1969 Sweden
Gold medal – first place 1970 Sweden
Gold medal – first place 1971 Switzerland
Gold medal – first place 1973 Soviet Union
Gold medal – first place 1974 Finland
Gold medal – first place 1975 West Germany
Gold medal – first place 1978 Czechoslovakia
Gold medal – first place 1979 Soviet Union
Gold medal – first place 1981 Sweden
Gold medal – first place 1982 Finland
Gold medal – first place 1983 West Germany
Gold medal – first place 1986 Soviet Union
Gold medal – first place 1989 Sweden
Gold medal – first place 1990 Switzerland
Silver medal – second place 1955 West Germany
Silver medal – second place 1957 Soviet Union
Silver medal – second place 1958 Norway
Silver medal – second place 1959 Czechoslovakia
Silver medal – second place 1972 Czechoslovakia
Silver medal – second place 1976 Poland
Silver medal – second place 1987 Austria
Bronze medal – third place 1961 Switzerland
Bronze medal – third place 1977 Austria
Bronze medal – third place 1985 Czechoslovakia
Bronze medal – third place 1991 Finland

The Soviet national ice hockey team[a] was the national men's ice hockey team of the Soviet Union. From 1954, the team won at least one medal each year at either the Ice Hockey World Championships or the Olympic hockey tournament.

After its dissolution in 1991, the Soviet team competed as the CIS team (part of the Unified Team) at the 1992 Winter Olympics. After the Olympics, the CIS team ceased to exist and was replaced by Russia at the 1992 World Championship. Other former Soviet republics (Belarus, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania and Ukraine) established their own national teams later that year. The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) recognized the Ice Hockey Federation of Russia as the successor to the Soviet Union hockey federation and passed its ranking on to Russia. The other national hockey teams were considered new and sent to compete in Pool C.

The IIHF Centennial All-Star Team included four Soviet-Russian players out of a team of six: goalie Vladislav Tretiak, defenseman Vyacheslav Fetisov and forwards Valeri Kharlamov and Sergei Makarov who played for the Soviet teams in the 1970s and the 1980s were selected for the team in 2008.[1]

History

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Vsevolod Bobrov during the 1956 Winter Olympics, the Soviet Union's first appearance at the Olympics.

Ice hockey was not properly introduced into the Soviet Union until the 1940s, though bandy, a similar game played on a larger ice field, had long been popular in the country. It was during a tour of FC Dynamo Moscow of the United Kingdom in 1945 that Soviet officials first got the idea of establishing an ice hockey program. They watched several exhibition matches in London, and National Hockey League President Clarence Campbell would later say that "This was the time when the Russians got the idea for their hockey team. The Russian soccer players were more interested in watching Canadian players play hockey than in soccer."[2] The Soviet Championship League was established in 1946, and the national team was formed shortly after, playing their first matches in a series of exhibitions against LTC Praha in 1948.[3]

The Soviets planned to send a team to the 1953 World Championships, but due to an injury to Vsevolod Bobrov, one of their star players, officials decided against going.[4] They would make their debut at the 1954 World Championships instead. Largely unknown to the larger hockey world, the team surprised many by winning the gold medal, defeating Canada in the final game.[5] In 2013, the Soviet national team was awarded the IIHF Milestone Award for winning the gold medal,[6] in their first appearance at the World Championships and the beginning of a rivalry versus Canada.[7]

The Soviets played their first exhibition tour in Canada in 1957, which perpetuated a rivalry between the countries.[8] Throughout the rest of the 1950s the World Championships were largely contested between Canada and the Soviet Union. That changed in the early 1960s. Canada won the gold in 1961, and after missing the 1962 tournament due to political issues, the Soviets would win the gold medal every year until 1972.[9] They faced perhaps their greatest upset at the 1976 World Championships; in their opening match against host Poland, the Soviets were defeated 6–4.[10]

In 1972 the Soviets played Canada in an exhibition series that saw the Soviet national team play a team composed of National Hockey League (NHL) players for the first time. Both the Olympics and World Championships did not allow professionals, so the best Canadian players were never able to compete against the Soviets, and in protest at this Canada had left international hockey in 1970. This series, known as the Summit Series, was a chance to see how the NHL players would fare. In eight games (four in Canada, four in the USSR), the teams were close, and it took until the final 34 seconds of the eighth game for Canada to win the series, four games to three, with one tie.[11]

At the 1980 Winter Olympics, the Soviets also had one of their most notable losses. Playing the United States in the medal round, the Soviets lost 4–3. This match, later dubbed the Miracle on Ice, was notable because it had the Soviets, recognized as the top international team in the world, against an American team composed largely of university-level players. The Americans would go on to win the gold medal in the tournament, while the Soviets finished with the silver, only the second time they failed to win gold at the Olympics since their debut in 1956.[12]

The reforms of the 1980s in the Soviet Union had a detrimental effect on the national team. No longer afraid to speak out against their treatment, players like Viacheslav Fetisov and Igor Larionov openly critiqued the management style of their coach, Viktor Tikhonov, which included being secluded in a military-style barracks for eleven months of the year. They also sought the chance to move to North America and play in the NHL, though the authorities were reluctant to allow this. Negotiations with the NHL began in the late 1980s over this, and in 1989 several players, including both Fetisov and Larionov, were permitted to leave the Soviet Union and join NHL teams.[citation needed]

Yuri Korolev was head of the research group for the national men's team from 1964 to 1992, and contributed to the team winning seventeen Ice Hockey World Championships and seven Winter Olympic Games gold medals.[13][14]

Journalist Vsevolod Kukushkin traveled with the national team as both a reporter and an English to Russian translator. He had access to the team's locker room and the opportunity to speak directly with the players and be part of their daily life.[15] In his 2016 book The Red Machine, Kukushkin reported that the nickname for the Soviet national team came into usage during the 1983 Super Series, when a headline in a Minneapolis newspaper headline read "The Red Machine rolled down on us".[16]

Statistics

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Leading scorers (Olympics, World Championships, Canada Cups, 1972 Summit Series)

  1. Sergei Makarov – 248 points
  2. Aleksandr Maltsev – 213+ points
  3. Valeri Kharlamov – 199 points
  4. Boris Mikhailov – 180 points
  5. Vladimir Petrov – 176 points

Tournament record

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Olympic Games

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See also: Ice hockey at the Olympic Games
Games GP W L T GF GA Coach Captain Finish
Italy 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 7 7 0 0 40 9 Arkady Chernyshev Vsevolod Bobrov  Gold
United States 1960 Squaw Valley 7 4 2 1 40 23 Anatoli Tarasov Nikolai Sologubov  Bronze
Austria 1964 Innsbruck 8 8 0 0 73 11 Arkady Chernyshev Boris Mayorov  Gold
France 1968 Grenoble 7 6 1 0 48 10 Arkady Chernyshev Boris Mayorov  Gold
Japan 1972 Sapporo 5 4 0 1 33 13 Arkady Chernyshev Viktor Kuzkin  Gold
Austria 1976 Innsbruck 6 6 0 0 56 14 Boris Kulagin Boris Mikhailov  Gold
United States 1980 Lake Placid 7 6 1 0 63 17 Viktor Tikhonov Boris Mikhailov  Silver
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1984 Sarajevo 7 7 0 0 48 5 Viktor Tikhonov Viacheslav Fetisov  Gold
Canada 1988 Calgary 8 7 1 0 45 13 Viktor Tikhonov Viacheslav Fetisov  Gold
France 1992 Albertville As Unified Team
1994 – present Since 1994 Soviet Union and Unified Team have been succeeded by  Russia

World Championship

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75th anniversary Russian postage stamp
Year Location Result
1954 Stockholm,  Sweden Gold
1955 Krefeld / Dortmund / Cologne, West Germany  Silver
1957 Moscow,  Soviet Union Silver
1958 Oslo,  Norway Silver
1959 Prague / Bratislava,  Czechoslovakia Silver
1961 Geneva / Lausanne,   Switzerland Bronze
1963 Stockholm,  Sweden Gold
1965 Tampere,  Finland Gold
1966 Ljubljana,  Yugoslavia Gold
1967 Vienna,  Austria Gold
1968 Grenoble,  France Gold
1969 Stockholm,  Sweden Gold
1970 Stockholm,  Sweden Gold
1971 Bern / Geneva,   Switzerland Gold
1972 Prague,  Czechoslovakia Silver
1973 Moscow,  Soviet Union Gold
1974 Helsinki,  Finland Gold
1975 Munich / Düsseldorf,  West Germany Gold
1976 Katowice,  Poland Silver
1977 Vienna,  Austria Bronze
1978 Prague,  Czechoslovakia Gold
1979 Moscow,  Soviet Union Gold
1981 Gothenburg / Stockholm,  Sweden Gold
1982 Helsinki / Tampere,  Finland Gold
1983 Düsseldorf / Dortmund / Munich, West Germany  Gold
1985 Prague,  Czechoslovakia Bronze
1986 Moscow,  Soviet Union Gold
1987 Vienna,  Austria Silver
1989 Stockholm / Södertälje,  Sweden Gold
1990 Bern / Fribourg,   Switzerland Gold
1991 Turku / Helsinki / Tampere,  Finland Bronze

Summit Series

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On the 40th anniversary of the 1972 Summit Series, the IIHF Milestone Award was given to the Canadian and Russian teams for the event which had a "decisive influence on the development of the game".[17] Reuters wrote that Canada was expected to win the series easily, but when they came from behind to win in the eighth and final game, it marked "the beginning of the modern hockey era".[17]

Canada Cup

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  • 1976 – Finished in 3rd place
  • 1981 – Won championship
  • 1984 – Lost semifinal
  • 1987 – Lost final
  • 1991 – Finished in 5th place

Challenge Cup and Rendez-vous vs. NHL All-Stars

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  • 1979 – Won series
  • 1987 – Tied series

Other tournaments

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Team

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Notable players

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  • Leading forwards (1970s)

Amateur status of players

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Until 1977, professional players were not able to participate in the World Championship, and it was not until 1988 that they could play in the Winter Olympics. However, the Soviet team was populated with amateur players who were primarily full-time athletes hired as regular workers of a company (aircraft industry, food workers, tractor industry) or organization (KGB, Red Army, Soviet Air Force) that sponsored what would be presented as an after-hours social sports society hockey team for their workers in order to keep their amateur status.[18][19][20] By the 1970s, several national hockey federations, such as Canada, protested the use of the amateur status for players of Eastern Bloc teams and even withdrew from the 1972 and 1976 Winter Games in protest.[21]

Coaching history

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Years Coach Achievements
1953 Anatoli Tarasov
1953–1957 Arkady Chernyshev 1 Olympic gold medal, 2 World Championship gold medals, 2 World Championship silver medals
1958–1960 Anatoli Tarasov 1 Olympic bronze medal, 2 World Championship silver medals
1961–1972 Arkady Chernyshev 3 Olympic gold medals, 9 World Championship gold medals, 1 World Championship silver medal, 1 World Championship bronze medal
1972–1974 Vsevolod Bobrov 2 World Championship gold medals
1974–1977 Boris Kulagin 1 Olympic gold medal, 1 World Championship gold medal, 1 World Championship silver medal, 1 World Championship bronze medal
1977–1991 Viktor Tikhonov 2 Olympic gold medals, 1 Olympic silver medal, 8 World Championship gold medals, 2 World Championship silver medals, 2 World Championship bronze medals

Former National jerseys

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Soviet Union national ice hockey jersey

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Russian: Сборная СССР по хоккею с шайбой, romanized: Sbornaya SSSR po khokkeyu s shayboy

References

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  1. ^ IIHF (2008). "Who are the best six of all time?". IIHF.com. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  2. ^ Martin, Lawrence (1990). The Red Machine: The Soviet Quest to Dominate Canada's Game. Toronto: Doubleday Canada. pp. 25–26.
  3. ^ Martin. The Red Machine. pp. 31–32.
  4. ^ Martin. The Red Machine. p. 34.
  5. ^ IIHF (2008). "Soviets hammer Canada, win gold at their first Worlds". IIHF.com. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  6. ^ "Canada's Paul Henderson, Danielle Goyette enter IIHF Hall of Fame". CBC Sports. Toronto, Ontario. The Canadian Press. 19 May 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  7. ^ McKinley, Michael (2014). It's Our Game: Celebrating 100 Years Of Hockey Canada. Toronto, Ontario: Viking Press. pp. 100–103, 151–152. ISBN 978-0-670-06817-3.
  8. ^ "Red Pucksters To Tour Canada". Medicine Hat News. Medicine Hat, Alberta. 26 August 1957. p. 7.Free access icon
  9. ^ IIHF (2008). "1972 – Soviet streak of nine straight World golds ends". IIHF.com. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  10. ^ IIHF (2008). "Poland scores biggest shocker in World Championship history". IIHF.com. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  11. ^ MacSkimming, Roy (1996). Cold War: The Amazing Canada-Soviet Hockey Series of 1972. Greystone Books.
  12. ^ Coffey, Wayne (2005). The Boys of Winter: The Untold Story of a Coach, a Dream, and the 1980 U.S. Olympic Hockey Team. New York City: Crown Publishers. ISBN 9781400047659.
  13. ^ "Yuri Korolev (RUS)". International Ice Hockey Federation. 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
  14. ^ Podnieks, Andrew (15 May 2011). "IIHF Hall of Fame welcomes six: Ceremonies also include Loicq winner Yuri Korolev". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
  15. ^ "Всеволод Кукушкин: "У каждого игрока есть свое место в истории хоккея"". chitaem-vmeste.ru (in Russian). 1 March 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  16. ^ Lysenkov, Pavel (4 May 2016). "Russian Hall of Fame: The house where the Big Red Machine lives". 2016 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  17. ^ a b "Nová cena IIHF má připomenout přínos mezinárodnímu hokeji". Czech Television (in Czech). Prague, Czech Republic. Reuters. 29 February 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  18. ^ IIHF (2008). "PROTESTING AMATEUR RULES, CANADA LEAVES INTERNATIONAL HOCKEY". IIHF.com. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  19. ^ Coffey, p. 59
  20. ^ "How the Russians break the Olympic rules". The Christian Science Monitor. 15 April 1980. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  21. ^ "What the Olympic hockey tournament looked like before NHL participation". The Daily Hive. 3 April 2017.

Bibliography

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